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The Magic of Autumn: Why Leaves Change Colour and What it Means For Nature Recovery

As Autumn deepens, the ground is blanketed with leaves, inspiring us all to consider a spot of raking – or at least a brisk kick through the piles. This year, you may have noticed that the colours have been somewhat muted – likely due to the stretch of grey, rain-soaked days and recent storms that have swept through, dulling autumn’s usual vibrancy. Yet even in a season with fewer fiery displays, the annual cycle of leaf fall remains crucial for our local ecosystems. This annual process of renewal is deeply connected to nature recovery, laying the groundwork for healthier landscapes and aiding efforts to revive struggling habitats in Staffordshire. 

To understand why this is so essential, let’s first delve into the fascinating science behind autumn’s colour change – an intricate process involving pigments, length of night, and weather.

Why do leaves change colour?

The brilliant colours of autumn leaves are the final gift of the year from deciduous trees, a breathtaking display created by hidden pigments within each leaf. Pigments are the natural compounds that give leaves their colours, each type producing its own distinct hue.

Throughout spring and summer, green chlorophyll is being constantly produced and repaired, helping trees soak up sunlight and produce sugars that sustain them. Trees also store these sugars for use during the winter dormant season. 

In autumn, as the days become shorter and nights grow cooler, chlorophyll production slows and begins to break down in the leaves eventually allowing other pigments to be revealed. Carotenoids and xanthophylls bring forth shades of orange and yellow, casting a warm glow across the landscape. 

The autumnal show is shaped by weather conditions, too. Perfect conditions for autumn colours include clear, sunny days followed by a series of mild cold fronts that gradually lower temperatures without leading to an early frost. Bright sunlight can also trigger a chemical reaction in some tree species that stimulates the production of anthocyanins, tinting leaves in vibrant reds, purples and crimsons. As is often the case in Britain, 2024 had other ideas, with grey, soggy weather dominating much of the season. Strong winds, like Storm Ashley in mid-October, also swept in early, causing leaves to fall before their colours could fully develop. 

The author standing with Pando, the vast aspen clone in Utah, USA. The golden hues are brought on by crisp cold temperatures and clear skies found in this semi-arid, high elevation region in autumn. Image credit: Tristan Allerton

Seasonal cycles are essential for Staffordshire’s biodiversity

Autumn represents more than a seasonal change – it’s a crucial stage in nature’s cycle that supports biodiversity and ecosystem health. As trees shed their leaves, the resulting leaf litter enriches the soil, providing essential nutrients that sustain plants, fungi, and numerous organisms. This process is vital for forest and soil health, creating habitats for insects and feeding a variety of species. Leaf litter also supports local wildlife, offering shelter and food for creatures like woodlice, shrews, hedgehogs, and amphibians.

In Staffordshire, the Local Nature Recovery Strategy (LNRS) aims to strengthen these cycles by guiding residents to restore and enhance native woodland. By increasing tree cover and expanding natural areas, we allow the cycle of leaf drop and regeneration to continue undisturbed.

Image credit: Darren Tennant

The Roaches, with Hen Cloud and Tittesworth Reservoir in the distance— a popular spot for invigorating autumn hikes and a perfect place to connect with nature.

Autumnal processes, like leaf drop and decomposition, also play a role in broader environmental issues such as flooding, air quality, and climate change that affect us all. Leaf litter helps absorb rainwater, reducing runoff and flooding risks, while supporting plant growth that improves air quality. Trees contribute to the carbon cycle, influencing climate stability. Disruptions to these processes, such as climate change or habitat loss, can exacerbate these challenges. Supporting nature recovery, through the LNRS, strengthens these natural cycles, enhancing resilience and mitigating environmental issues.

As farmers and landowners carry out vital autumn tasks, such as harvesting crops and caring for livestock, their efforts contribute to nature recovery. Much of the autumnal beauty we see unfolds in the woodlands and fields they manage, not just in protected reserves, fostering a healthier landscape for all. These land stewards are playing an important role informing the strategy based on their decades of experience working with nature.

Play your role in providing for nature

One way we can support local wildlife is by considering the plants in our own gardens. Many species, like the hazel dormouse, rely on a variety of plants throughout the year for food. While blooms of oak, hawthorn, honeysuckle and bramble are important sources of food early in the year, dormice switch to nuts and berries like hazelnuts and blackberries in the autumn. By planting a mix of native species, we can help provide food for pollinators, invertebrates, birds, and mammals, even into the colder months. Creating plant diversity in gardens and landscapes can provide a steady food supply for these species throughout the year.

Image Credit: People’s Trust for Endangered Species

Hedgerows are a prime example of habitats that support local wildlife year-round. Plants like ivy and holly, often disliked by gardeners, play an important role in sustaining biodiversity into the autumn. Image credit: People’s Trust for Endangered Species. 

Through the LNRS, we can enhance the benefits of these natural cycles, strengthening our landscapes and supporting a thriving ecosystem. To get involved, sign up for our newsletter and stay updated on upcoming events on our website.

Despite the soggy weather, vibrant autumn colours are still out there – so get outside and explore! For a quieter experience, consider visiting Staffordshire’s hidden gems like Swineholes Wood, Downs Bank, Consall Valley, or Chillington – lesser-known spots that offer beautiful autumn displays away from the crowds.

Thorswood Nature Reserve meadow- Tom John Ellis Photography

The Importance of Native Plants in Staffordshire and Stoke-on-Trent

Native plants play a crucial role in maintaining the health and biodiversity of our local ecosystems. In Staffordshire and Stoke-on-Trent, these plants are perfectly adapted to the local climate and soil conditions, providing essential resources for wildlife. This November, let’s explore the importance of native plants and how we can support their growth and preservation.

Why Native Plants Matter

Native plants are the backbone of our local ecosystems. They provide food and shelter for a variety of wildlife, including birds, insects, and mammals. Unlike non-native species, native plants have evolved alongside local wildlife, creating a balanced and sustainable environment.

Key Native Plants in Staffordshire and Stoke-on-Trent

  1. Crab Apple – Crabapple trees are small  trees known for their beautiful blossoms and colorful, often edible fruits. Crabapple trees provide valuable habitat for wildlife. The leaves are a food source for many moths, and the autumn fruits are devoured by many birds.
  2. Common Hawthorn – A small tree with white flowers in spring and red berries in autumn. The berries are a vital food source for birds, and the dense foliage offers excellent nesting sites.
  3. Field Maple – A deciduous tree with distinctive lobed leaves that turn golden in autumn. Field maples support a wide range of insects and provide seeds for birds and small mammals.
  4. Dog Rose – A climbing shrub with pink or white flowers and red hips in autumn. The hips are rich in vitamin C and are eaten by birds and small mammals. The flowers attract a variety of pollinators.
  5. Teasel – A tall plant with spiky flower heads that turn brown in autumn. Teasels provide seeds for birds, especially goldfinches, and their dried flower heads offer winter interest in gardens.

How to Support Native Plants at Home

  • Plant Native Species: Choose native plants for your garden to support local wildlife. They are often more resilient and require less maintenance than non-native species. When buying plants, ensure they are grown in peat-free compost. Peat-based composts contribute to the destruction of wild habitats.’
  • Create Diverse Habitats: Include a variety of plants to create a rich and diverse habitat. This will attract different types of wildlife and help maintain ecological balance.

By planting and protecting native species, we can help preserve the natural beauty and biodiversity of Staffordshire and Stoke-on-Trent. This November, let’s celebrate our native plants and the vital role they play in our environment.

hedge

The Art of Hedgelaying

The Art of Hedgelaying

Following attendance at Hedgelaying Matches in Burton, Uttoxeter, Eccleshall and on his own farm LNRS liaison officer Richard Hollingsworth,  a keen Hedgelayer outlines the importance of this craft.

When a hedge is continually machine cut it eventually becomes weakened with flat growth at the top and open gaps at the bottom, similarly if a hedge is left to grow naturally it becomes tall with gaps and becomes a line of small open trees, in either case the hedge will not fulfil its purpose as a stock proof boundary and have little value for wildlife.

The laying process involves cutting the grown plants , usually quickthorn with an axe or chainsaw and layering/pleaching at an angle which allows the hedge to regenerate providing a dense field boundary and providing shelter, food and protection for wildlife.

Hedgelaying has many regional styles depending on the landscape and type of livestock/ farming in the area. Staffordshire, Derbyshire or Midland Bullock most commonly found in this area.

You don’t have to be a farmer/landowner to be a hedgelayer and many people from all walks of life have taken up this rewarding job sometimes as a pastime but also as an alternative income stream throughout the winter months with rates usually £10 to £15 per metre depending on experience and the size of hedge.

If interested I would recommend enrolling on a training course. These are usually held throughout the country over 2/3 days to find out more nhls.training@hedgelaying.org.uk  you will need a 3 and 7 Lbs axe, a small chainsaw and protective clothing to get started.

Hedges are also important in urban areas and can help to provide shade and shelter not just for wildlife but for people too, and can provide pollution control, prevent soil erosion and flooding.

 Hedges can provide a secure boundary and alternative to walls and fences, if you don’t want a thorny hedge then consider field maple, hornbeams and hazel which also provide some amazing colours throughout the year. Find out more at Hedgelink.org.uk

 

 

Keele bd tour 6

LNRS Collaboration with Keele University: Leading the Way in Sustainability

Keele University, a leader in sustainability within the UK university system, provides an inspiring model for integrating nature recovery within low-carbon energy systems. This approach delivers multiple benefits for both nature recovery and addressing the climate crisis.

Their 617-acre campus boasts 12,200 solar panels and two wind turbines. Since their installation, research has shown rapid nature recovery, with newly established grassland habitats supporting a wide species diversity, including foxes, badgers, small mammals, birds of prey, and a wide variety of insects. This diversity is likely to be due to a switch in use from arable farmland to permanent grassland.

Keele University students and teachers frequently visit the solar field for teaching and research. Recently, second-year Geography, Environment, Ecology, and Conservation students visited the solar field as part of their Environmental Impact Assessment module.

To enhance the ecological value of solar fields, the university considers it crucial to incorporate habitat connectivity and maintain wilder field margins. This can be achieved by:

  1. Providing space to establish hedgerows and small woodlands: These natural features connect habitats across the landscape, supporting wildlife movement and biodiversity, and helping to maintain healthy ecosystems
  2. Preserving Wilder Field Margins: Ensuring that areas within and around the solar farm are left as tussocky or wildflower-rich grassland provides essential habitats for pollinators, birds, and other wildlife, while also improving soil health and water retention.
  3. Considering beneficial management at the design stage: Biodiverse grasslands can be managed in several different ways, but good infrastructure design and maintenance regimes are vital to increase species diversity.  

 By combining these practices, solar developments can become more sustainable and beneficial for the environment.

The LNRS Core team is currently discussing multiple avenues for collaboration in supporting the development and delivery of the LNRS.

 

Keele’s sustainability leadership, vast green estate, and strong experience in engagement make them an ideal “Champion” for Staffordshire’s LNRS.

 

Their support will be key to raising awareness and involving the younger generation in nature recovery efforts.

Red Fox Side View on Log in Forest Fall Colors Captive

Autumn Wildlife Wonders in Staffordshire and Stoke-on-Trent

As the leaves turn golden and the air grows crisp, autumn in Staffordshire and Stoke-on-Trent offers a spectacular display of nature’s beauty. This season is a perfect time to explore the local wildlife and understand how we can protect and preserve these natural wonders.

Birds of Prey

Staffordshire is home to a variety of birds of prey, including the buzzard, sparrowhawk, and kestrel. These majestic birds can often be seen soaring high in the sky, hunting for small mammals and birds. Autumn is a great time to spot them as they prepare for the colder months ahead.

Mammals Preparing for Winter

Local mammals such as the European hedgehog and red fox are busy preparing for winter. Hedgehogs are building nests from leaves and grass, while foxes are increasing their food intake to build up fat reserves. You can help by creating hedgehog-friendly gardens with log piles and leaf litter. Hedgehogs travel miles every night in search of food. One of the biggest barriers they face is garden fencing, which can curtail their journeys. By cutting a small ‘doorway’ in the bottom of your fences, you’ll enable hedgehogs to travel more easily from garden to garden.

Autumn Flora

The region’s flora also puts on a stunning show in autumn. Look out for the vibrant colours of the field maple and rowan trees. There is a huge variety of fabulous fungi to look out for – from the bright red fly agaric to purple amethyst deceivers. These plants provide essential food sources for insects and birds.

Amphibians and Reptiles

As temperatures drop, amphibians like the common frog and smooth newt seek out hibernation spots. Reptiles such as the common lizard can still be seen basking in the autumn sun before they too retreat for the winter. Creating ponds and leaving areas of your garden undisturbed can provide vital habitats for these creatures.

Insects and Pollinators

Autumn is a crucial time for insects like bees and butterflies. Species such as the red admiral and peacock butterfly are still active, feeding on late-blooming flowers. Planting autumn-flowering plants like ivy and heather can help support these important pollinators.

How You Can Help

  • Create Wildlife Habitats: Leave areas of your garden wild, with log piles, leaf litter, and ponds.
  • Plant Native Species: Choose plants that are native to Staffordshire to support local wildlife.
  • Avoid Pesticide Use: Avoid using chemicals that can harm insects and other wildlife.
  • Participate in Local Conservation Efforts: Join local groups and initiatives to help protect and preserve natural habitats.

By taking these steps, we can all contribute to preserving the rich biodiversity of Staffordshire and Stoke-on-Trent. Enjoy the wonders of autumn and take pride in protecting the natural world around us.

Climate Expo - 3

Connecting Climate Change and Nature: LNRS at Midlands Climate Change Expo

The LNRS team recently attended the Midlands Climate Change Expo at Uttoxeter Racecourse, where they had the opportunity to connect with residents, businesses, and community groups.

Throughout the day, the team engaged in meaningful conversations about the intricate links between climate change and nature. They emphasised the importance of collaboration in creating a sustainable future.

The event was a fantastic platform for sharing ideas, learning from others, and fostering a community dedicated to environmental stewardship.

The LNRS team is excited to continue these important discussions. If you would like to speak to the team, you can contact the LNRS Engagement Officers you can contact Tristan Allerton  (tristan.allerton@staffordshire.gov.uk) or Richard Hollingsworth (richard.hollingsworth@staffordshire.gov.uk)

Richard Hollingsworth and Tristan Allerton
Farmers

Farmers Join Forces to Safeguard Nature in Staffordshire

The Local Nature Recovery Strategy in Staffordshire and Stoke on Trent is one of 48 strategies being developed across England. These strategies will cover the entire country, ensuring no gaps, and will be tailored to the specific needs of each area. The plans involve mapping out valuable habitats, setting biodiversity priorities, and proposing practical actions to achieve these goals.

A key aspect of the LNRS is community involvement. The first Farmer Advisory Group meeting took place on September 4th at The Deer Park in Hoar Cross, East Staffordshire.

This meeting brought together a dynamic cross-section of leading farmers and land managers from all corners of Staffordshire. Attendees learned about the LNRS and discussed how it could impact and benefit farmers and landowners, sharing their own experiences of nature recovery on their land.

The next meeting is scheduled for late October, continuing the momentum and engagement with local stakeholders. 

If you would like to be involved, email Richard.Hollingsworth@staffordshire.gov.uk

 
Man walking on a path in the forest hiking and exploring wild remote areas

How to Look After the Environment While Enjoying a Walk

Going for a walk is a wonderful way to connect with nature, get some exercise, and clear your mind. However, it’s important to be mindful of our environmental impact even during such simple activities. Here are some tips to help you look after the environment while enjoying your walk:

1. Stick to Designated Paths

Walking on designated trails helps protect the surrounding vegetation and wildlife habitats. Straying off the path can damage plants and disturb animals.

2. Carry a Reusable Water Bottle

Instead of buying bottled water, bring a reusable water bottle. This reduces plastic waste and keeps you hydrated.

3. Pick Up Litter

Bring a small bag with you to collect any litter you come across. This helps keep the environment clean and safe for wildlife.

4. Respect Wildlife

Observe animals from a distance and avoid feeding them. Feeding wildlife can disrupt their natural diet and behavior.

5. Use Eco-Friendly Products

If you need to use sunscreen or insect repellent, choose eco-friendly options. Some products contain chemicals that can harm the environment.

6. Leave No Trace

Make sure to take all your belongings and any trash with you when you leave. The principle of “Leave No Trace” ensures that natural areas remain pristine for others to enjoy.

By following these simple steps, you can enjoy your walks while also contributing to the health and preservation of the environment. Happy walking! 🌿🚶‍♂️

Long-tailed Tit (Aegithalos caudatus)

Biodiversity Begins at Home: Help Birds Thrive in Your Garden

Helping local bird populations is a fulfilling way to engage with nature and boost biodiversity.

In August, we reached out to residents of Staffordshire and Stoke-on-Trent for their best tips on supporting birds at home. Here are their suggestions, along with some practical steps you can take to make your garden a haven for birds.

1. Provide Water

Birds need water for drinking and bathing, especially during hot weather. Place a birdbath or shallow dish of water in your garden. Ensure the water is clean and fresh, and change it regularly to prevent the spread of diseases. Adding a few stones or a shallow ramp can help smaller birds access the water safely.

2. Offer Bird Food

Supplementing natural food sources with bird feeders can attract a variety of bird species to your garden. Here are some tips:

– Seed Mixes: Use high-quality seed mixes that include sunflower seeds, millet, and cracked corn. These attract a wide range of birds.

– Suet: Suet cakes are excellent for providing energy, especially in winter.

– Nectar: For hummingbirds and other nectar-feeding birds, provide a sugar-water solution (1 part sugar to 4 parts water).

– Fruit and Nuts: Offer chopped fruits and unsalted nuts to attract different species.

Place feeders in safe locations, away from predators, and clean them regularly to prevent mold and disease.

3. Create Safe Spaces 

Ensure your garden is a safe haven for birds by keeping cats indoors or supervising them outside. Avoid using pesticides and chemicals that can harm birds and their food sources. Providing dense shrubs or hedges can offer birds protection from predators. Why not try building a bird house or picking one up from your local garden centre.

By following these steps, you can create a bird-friendly environment that supports local wildlife and brings the joy of birdwatching right to your doorstep. Happy birding!

Man pushing child in wheel barrow in garden

How you can help the environment at home

Supporting the environment starts right at home. Here are some practical steps you can take to make a positive impact.

In Your Home and Garden

  1. Composting and Leaf Piles: Start a compost heap or keep a leaf pile in your garden. This not only reduces waste but also enriches your soil, promoting healthier plant growth.

  2. Wildlife-Friendly Fences: Ensure your garden fences have gaps to allow hedgehogs and other small animals to move freely. This simple step can significantly enhance local wildlife connectivity.

  3. DIY Wildlife Shelters: Build a hedgehog house, insect hotel, bird box, or bat box using scrap materials. These shelters provide essential habitats for various species. The Wildlife Trust offers a comprehensive list of actions you can take to support wildlife here.

  4. Planting for Pollinators: Plant flowers and shrubs that attract pollinators like bees and butterflies. This boosts insect populations, which in turn supports other wildlife. Participate in initiatives like “No Mow May” and leave wild patches in your garden through the winter. For a list of suitable garden plants, check out this shortened link.

When Out and About

  1. Check, Clean, Dry: When near water bodies, ensure you check, clean, and dry your boots, equipment, and your dog’s coat to prevent the spread of crayfish plague and other diseases. Learn more about the “Check Clean Dry” campaign here.

  2. Dog Walking Etiquette: Keep your dog on a lead between April and July to minimize disturbance to birds during their breeding season.

  3. Follow the Countryside Code: Respect local wildlife and habitats by following the countryside code. This includes staying on marked paths, taking litter home, and not disturbing wildlife.

Everywhere

  1. Report Wildlife Sightings: Use platforms like iRecord or iNaturalist to report your wildlife sightings. This data helps scientists track species distribution and health.

  2. Join Conservation Groups: Get involved with local conservation efforts. Join initiatives like “Toads on Roads” through Froglife or volunteer with local groups such as the Shropshire and Staffordshire Amphibian and Reptile Group, Staffordshire Bat Group, or Staffordshire Mammal Group.

  3. Log Bird Sightings: Use the BirdTrack App to log your bird sightings. This helps organizations like the BTO and RSPB monitor bird populations and migration patterns.

By taking these steps, you can make a significant difference in supporting the environment right from your home. Every small action contributes to a larger impact, helping to preserve our planet for future generations.